Electrotechnology - Electronic Technology - APS

1. Semiconductor

1.1 Type

• Intrinsic semiconductor

  • Si,silicon

  • charge carrier : electrons & electron hole

    

  • carrier too less

• extrinsic semiconductor

  • N : add P phosphorus

    • electrons more

    

  • P : add B boron

    • holes more

    

1.2 PN Junction

• Forward bias : with current
• Reverse bias : approximal no current

1.3 Diodes

• forward voltage : Si 0.7

• reverse voltage

• use for protect, regulate voltage

1.3.1 Zener diode

1.3.2 LED

1.3.3 Photodiode

1.4 Transistor

• PNP
• NPN
• base
• collector
• emitter

1.4.1 Principles

$\beta=\dfrac{I_{ce}}{I_{be}}$

1.4.2 Properties

• Dead V :
  • Si : 0.5
  • Ge : 0.1
• $U_{BE}$
  • NPN Si 0.7V
  • PNP Ge -0.3V

• Ib<0

  • none work

• Ib>0, Ube>0.5

  • linear area
  • $I_C=\beta I_B$
  • $U_{BE}=0.7V$

• Ib>0,Ube<0.5

  • $U_{BE}=0.7V$
  • $U_{CE}=0.3V$

1.4.3 Parameters to work right

• $I_{CM}$ : or $\beta$ decrease, still work
• $U_{CEO}$ : maximum between c/e

2 Amplifying circuit

2.1 Common emitter amplifying circuit

Superposition Principle

2.2 Static analysis

2.3 Dynamic Analysis

2.3.1 Calculation

• $r_{be}=200+(1+\beta)\dfrac{26(\rm mV)}{I_E(m\rm mA)}\Omega$
• $I_E$ : emitter static value
• Gain : $A_u=-\beta\dfrac{R_C}{r_{be}}$
• Big input R : $R_B\/\/r_{be}$
• Small output R : $R_C$

2.3.2 Draw

• Q too high$\rightarrow$Saturation distortion

  

• Q too low$\rightarrow$Cutoff distortion

  

2.4 Voltage divider bias circuit

$R_E$ stabilize $I_C$

$C_E$ stabilize Q

2.5 Common collector amplifier circuit

2.6 Differential amplifier circuit

Zero drift, 2 direct connect

2.7 MOSFET

metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor

• Source
• Gate
• Drain

3. Operational Amplifier

CF741

3.1 Application

• Positive-feedback applications

  

• Negative-feedback applications : inverting amplifier

  

3.2 Add and Minus

Superposition Principle

• Add

• Minus

4. Feedback

Output connect with Input

Type

• local feedback
• Interstage feedback

• AC feedback
  • negative : decrease amplify factor, increase other like factor stable
• DC feedback : stabilize Q

• series : compare with voltage
• parallel : compare with current

• voltage : stable output v, decrease input R
• current : stable output i, increase output R
• Negative feedback direct judgement

5 DC regulated power supply

5.1 Rectifier circuit

• Single-phase half-wave rectifier circuit

  

  • $U_O=\dfrac{\sqrt2}{\pi}U=0.45U$
  • $I_D=I_O=0.45\dfrac{U}{R}$
  • $U_{RM}=\sqrt2U$

• Single-phase full-wave rectifier circuit

  

  • $U_O=\dfrac{2\sqrt2}{\pi}U=0.9U$
  • $I_O=0.9\dfrac{U}{R}\I_D=\dfrac{I_O}{2}$
  • $U_{RM}=2\sqrt2U$

• Single-phase bridge rectifier circuit

  

  • $U_O=\dfrac{2\sqrt2}{\pi}U=0.9U$
  • $I_O=0.9\dfrac{U}{R}\I_D=\dfrac{I_O}{2}$
  • $U_{RM}=\sqrt2U$

5.2 RC Filter

choose $\tau=RC\ge(3\sim5)\dfrac{T}{2}$

5.3 Regulator circuit

use zener diodes

5.4 3 Terminal Voltage Regulator

• W7805 (W78XX)

• W117

6. Gate circuit

6.1 Signal

• analog signal

• digital signal

  

  • rectangular signal
  • apex signal

6.2 Logic gate

• and : Y=ABC
• or : Y=A+B+C
• not : $Y=\bar A$

Combination

• nand : $Y=\overline{ABC}$
• nor : $Y=\overline{A+B+C}$

6.3 TTL Gate Circuit

$Y=\overline{AB}$

• 74LS20 4in2gate
• 74LS00 2in4gate

6.4 Tri-state gate

6.5 Logical algebra

6.6 Logical function

$$Y=(A,B,C\cdots)$$

• logic formula

• logic state table

  

• logic graph - carnot graph

  

• simplify

  

6.7 Design

1. Logic abstract
2. Logic state table
3. formula
4. graph

6.8 Adder

6.7 Encoder & Decoder

• 8line-3line encoder 3line-8line74LS138

  

• 8421 decoder

  

• 74LS147 binary$\rightarrow$decimal

7. Multivibrator

7.1 Bistablemultivibrator

7.1.1 RS

• type1 [$\rm \overline{SR}$ NAND latch]

• type2 [SR NOR latch]

  

• controllable [Gated SR latch]

  

7.1.2 JK

2 controllable RS

1 question : 1 change in CP=1

• if $Q_{n-1}=0$ : S=J, R=0,$Q_n=1/Q_n=Q_{n-1}$
• if $Q_{n-1}=0$ : S=J, R=0,$Q_n=1/Q_n=Q_{n-1}$

7.1.3 D

7.1.4 T

T=1, T’ latch

7.2 Register

temporarily save data

• digital r

  • parallel input
  • parallel output

  

• shift r

  • serial input
  • parallel output

  

7.3 Counter

7.3.1 Binary

7.3.2 Decimal

7.3.3 74LS290

binary quinary decimal

any

7.4 555